Alnwick Castle

Overview

Alnwick Castle is one of the largest inhabited castles in England, located in the market town of Alnwick, Northumberland. Built following the Norman Conquest, it has served as a fortress, noble residence, and cultural landmark for over 900 years. It remains the ancestral home of the Percy family, Dukes of Northumberland, who have owned it since the 14th century. The castle’s impressive architecture, extensive grounds, and cinematic fame make it one of the most visited heritage sites in the country.

Early history

The first stone castle at Alnwick was built shortly after 1096 by Yves de Vescy, a Norman baron tasked with defending northern England from Scottish incursions. Its position above the River Aln provided strong natural defences and a commanding view of the surrounding landscape. In 1309, the castle and barony were purchased by Henry de Percy, marking the beginning of the Percy family’s long association with Alnwick.

Building and layout

Alnwick Castle developed from a motte-and-bailey fortification into a grand medieval stronghold. The outer walls enclose a large bailey defended by multiple towers and gates, while the inner bailey contains the residential buildings. Much of the curtain wall and towers date from the 14th century, when the Percys transformed Alnwick into a symbol of power as well as a defensive base. The castle’s great hall, chapels, and living quarters display both military and decorative features, blending strength with status.

Later history and transformation

By the 18th century, Alnwick Castle had lost its defensive role and became a fashionable country seat. Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, commissioned sweeping Gothic Revival alterations in the 1760s, giving the castle its romantic appearance. Further 19th-century restorations under architect Anthony Salvin added luxurious interiors in the Italianate style. During the Second World War, the castle served as a military billet and later as a teacher training college.

Present condition

Today Alnwick Castle remains the principal residence of the Duke of Northumberland and his family, though much of it is open to the public. The interior rooms display fine art, furniture, and decorative craftsmanship. The surrounding Alnwick Garden, a separate attraction created in the early 21st century, includes the Grand Cascade and Poison Garden. The castle has gained modern fame as a filming location for productions such as Harry Potter and Downton Abbey. It continues to serve as both a family home and a living monument to nine centuries of northern English history.